Eon, vol. 6, nr. 2 / 2025
The Migration Crisis, the Irregular Migrant and the Global Governance Response. Interrogating the Identity Formation Process in Programmatic Documents
ABSTRACT: The migration crisis has become a chronic phenomenon, testing the institutional limits of the migration governance framework at the international and regional level. As the crisis became more and more embedded in certain hotspots (the Mediterranean region, the US-Mexico border), the places of migration – in their various capacities as sending, transit, destination, return places – are transformed into ideational laboratories of struggles over identity and belonging, awakening dormant illiberal reflexes that, in turn, led to the development of a framework of separation between the Self and the Other. On the ground, walls are the physical manifestation of this animus and, as a result, an entire "ecosystem" of border fortifications emerged as a vallum-sphere began to haunt the polities. The present article analyses how international actors have developed instruments in response to the migration crisis and how these governance frameworks contribute to processes of identity formation. Using policy document analysis, the research examines the global governance regimes on migration, reviewing the positions of the International Organization for Migration and of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. In identifying the instruments developed to manage the migration crisis under these governance settings, the article seeks to explain how they contribute to the construction of the irregular migrant identity in all their polyvalent complexity.
KEYWORDS: citizenship revision, Romania, Jews, inter-war, nationalism, anti-Semitism.
Luiza-Maria FILIMON
Faculty of History and
Political Science, "Ovidius"
University of Constanta
luiza.filimon@365.univ-ovidius.ro
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7916-0562
Who
is a Citizen Among Citizens? Public Debates
and Draft Laws on the Revision of
Romanian
Citizenship (1936-1937)
ABSTRACT: This paper aims at reconstructing the largely unknown history of the citizenship revision in Romania. Precisely, the paper focuses on the legal initiatives by P. Șeicaru and the Ministry of Justice to regulate through the parliamentary means the revision of citizenship in Romania. The overview of the two draft-laws is made within the context of the discussions in the mainstream press and in the parliamentary debates. Hence, the span of time covered by this in-depth analysis runs between 15 December 1936 and 28 May 1937. This story has a particularly important political significance since it was meant to end up in redefining the boundaries of the sovereign. In this approach, the political participation is conditioned by the ethnical datum and not on the personal will. This contribution is meant to reconstruct the missing part of the history of citizenship revision of Romanian Jews that was accomplished in 1938-1939.
KEYWORDS: citizenship revision, Romania, Jews, inter-war, nationalism, anti-Semitism.
Nicolae DRĂGUȘIN
Institutul Național pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România "Elie
Wiesel"
Universitatea București
nicolaedr@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8505-4894
Transforming Visual Data into Art: Evaluating AI's Capacity to Replicate Artistic Styles
ABSTRACT: Training artificial intelligence applications by uploading visuals is a form of converting visual data into another. Subsequently, generating visuals by prompting with trained artificial intelligence is an operation of transforming previously converted data back into visuals. Through such applications, an artist's works can be replicated, amalgamated with different art movements, or entirely novel works can be produced as if crafted by the same artist. However, how successful are applications like Stable Diffusion or Leonardo in this process? To ascertain this, various artificial intelligence applications will be trained with a painter's works, and the resulting outputs will be evaluated in consultation with the artists to assess the efficacy of contemporary AI applications in this domain. To assess the suitability of the images in the mentioned project, several factors will be considered, such as: resolution and clarity, variety of subjects, quality of lighting, composition, color accuracy, diversity in artistic styles, image metadata.
KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence, AI Training, Generative AI, AI Art, Art Replication, Artistic Evaluation.
Volkan Davut MENGI
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University
volkan.mengi@msgsu.edu.tr
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-7999
Bhagavad-Gītā, calea spre eliberare
ABSTRACT: The dialogue between Lord Krishna, incarnation of the supreme God Vishnu, and Arjuna, a valiant warrior from a Hindu noble family, is one of the most profound spiritual path to achieving immortality and freedom. All the false beliefs that might affright a valiant warrior are to be destroyed by the revelation of the truth, delivered by the avatar of Vishnu in person. The soul is immortal, as it takes part to the manifestation of the Divine Spirit in nature. By making a clear distinction between the action of the nature, including the individual nature, and the willingness of the spirit within each person to enjoy the manifestation while being part of the greater Spirit, the divine avatar relieves the warrior from the fear of death. In the light of this profound teaching, the road to salvation heads toward the acknowledgement of the eternal freedom of the spirit, despite its apparent slave condition in face of the almighty nature.
KEYWORDS: spirituality; Hinduism; philosophical systems; yoga; oriental religion.
Dragoș DRAGOMAN
Universitatea "Lucian Blaga"
din Sibiu
dragos.dragoman@ulbsibiu.ro
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-3484
The Fire of Love and the Salvation
of All:
Syriac Visions of Eternal Hope
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.5
ABSTRACT: This study investigates the theme of universal salvation in the Syriac tradition by analyzing the theological and literary writings of three representative authors: Bardaisan of Edessa, Ephrem the Syrian and Isaac the Syrian. Although coming from different historical and doctrinal contexts, these thinkers develop, in distinct ways, a vision of the relationship between divine love and the final destiny of humanity that is distinct from the condemnatory emphases of other patristic Christian traditions. The study highlights how Bardaisan articulates a cosmological model of the restoration of universal order, how Ephrem uses poetic symbolism to express the hope of integral reconciliation, and how Isaac explicitly affirms the idea of a salvation of all, underpinned by a theology of absolute compassion. Through a comparative approach, it is shown that at the heart of Syriac thought is a conception of divine fire not as punishment but as purifying love. The study thus contributes to the revalorization of a marginalized theological tradition that is essential for understanding the diversity of eschatological visions in early and medieval Christianity.
KEYWORDS: Universal salvation, Christian universalism, Syriac tradition, Divine fire, Universalist eschatology.
Alexandru LAZĂR
Babeș Bolyai University of
Cluj-Napoca
alexandru.05.lazar@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7148-1474
Cunoaștere, semn și obiect la Sf. Augustin
ABSTRACT: The current essay provides further inquiries on Saint Augustine's semiotic doctrine, describing how objects are stated as projective foundation for linguistic signs and classified according to their role as stimuli for human perception, intellect, or intuition. Following a more personal view on the current matter, we examine the relationship that can be established between the concept of God and its expansion in the biblical discourse. In the last section, we briefly chart the steps of knownledge as they unfold in Saint Augustine's doctrine.
KEYWORDS: language; knowledge; perception; object; linguistic sign; reality; sacred.
Cristian PAȘCALĂU
Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai Cluj-Napoca
babelrealm@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7708-266X
Femeile-trubadur sau poetele medievale uitate
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.7
TITLE: "The Women-Troubadours or Forgotten Medieval Poetesses"
ABSTRACT: Poetry of male troubadours is a subject that has caused rivers of ink to flow and to bring to bring to light all sorts of tomes (from the classical approach to esotericism, alchemy, Freemasonic rituals, etc.). But didn't women have a say in the Middle Age? Have they not contributed to literary creation? The women troubadours finally managed to surface and make their voices heard. So, we have to recognize that women's literature has existed since ancient times; literature is not only made by men. Therefore, this work aims, on the one hand, to bring before our cultural space the voice og these remarkable poets of the Middle Age, and on the other hand, to situate their creation within the troubadour lyric system.
KEYWORDS: trobairitz, Middle Age, women, creation, lyricism.
Viziunea ortografică a cărturarului Timotei Cipariu reflectată în presa vremii din Transilvania (1840-1872)
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.8
TITLE: "The Orthographic vision of scholar Timotei Cipariu as reflected in the Transylvanian press of his time (1840-1872)"
ABSTRACT: Transylvanian journalism, through the extensive debates it hosted, carried out a real campaign for the introduction of the Latin alphabet and for the establishment of unitary orthography. The columns of periodicals constituted the place of confrontation between the two orthographic systems that disputed their primacy: etymologism and phonetism. Two publications founded by Timotei Cipariu, which reflect his orthographic vision, stand out within the heated linguistic polemics: Organul luminării and Arhivul pentru filologie și istorie, considered "tribunes of Latinism". The press objectively reflected the fierce struggle for the recognition of the Romanian language in Transylvania, as a decisive factor in the action to strengthen the consciousness of national unity.
KEYWORDS: Transylvania, orthography, press, etymologism, phonetism.
Anca-Elena DAVID
Universitatea "Lucian Blaga" din Sibiu
anca.david@ulbsibiu.ro
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3242-8063
Înțelegerea conceptului de informație în comunicare
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.9
TITLE: "Understanding the concept of information in communication"
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to bring back into focus some of the rules regarding the use of quality information in the communication process. The characteristics of the information, the relationship with journalistic news and entertainment content, in relation to the events they refer to, are analyzed. In this context, the deficient information, very present in contemporary communication, is analyzed. We will approach the information according to its practical utility, from the perspective of communication professionals who work in journalism, public relations or advertising. Another aspect considered is the way to create informative content on digital platforms.
KEYWORDS: news, fakenews, deepfake, novelty, factual, disinformation, content.
Lucian-Vasile SZABO
Universitatea
de Vest din Timișoara
vasile.szabo@e-uvt.ro
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-6694
Arhitectura
rurală din zona etnografică a Târnavelor.
Studiu de caz: satul
Bălcaciu/Bulkesch/Bolkács –
între tradiție și modernitate
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.10
TITLE: "Rural architecture from the Târnave etnographic zone. Case study: the village of Bălcaciu/Bulkesch/Bolkács – between tradition and modernity"
ABSTRACT: This paper illustrates the architectural characteristics of the "Târnava Mică" ethnographic zone, with a focus on Bălcaciu, a village in the region. The area has a complex historical evolution that is reflected in the village's architecture. Due to fairly recent historical events, there was a dramatic demographic shift clearly mirrored in the village's appearance. The oldest building in the village, the Evangelical church, originally built in the XVth century, stands as a beautiful example of a medieval fortified church, such as others that can be found all over Transilvania. The current architectural landscape of this rural community is a result of its historical evolution, but also of the blending of multiple ethnic groups throughout the years: Romanians, Saxons, Hungarians and the Roma people. At the moment, houses that are newly built rarely follow traditional rules or include traditional elements. Rather, the rise of globalisation has a visible impact on current architectural trends that are borrowed from abroad and included in this small Transilvanian village.
KEYWORDS: architecture; Saxons; tradition; modernity; Transilvania; multiethnicity.
The Interest of Algerian Scholars in the Art of Letter Writing: A Statistical and Analytical Study
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.11
ABSTRACT: The art of letter writing, as it is known, is a form of prose that began in Arabic literature during the era of documentation, especially when official correspondence offices were established and the territory of the Arab Islamic Caliphate expanded. It became necessary to have writers who would convey the caliphs' orders to governors or explain political and social matters. From there, attention to letters began to grow. In addition to expressing their specific subject, the writer would strive to make their style beautiful, impactful, and coherent in both form and content, allowing their personality, originality, and unique method of expression and composition to shine through. Several Algerian scholars became well-known in this field. Letter writing also came to be characterized by specific features, including the harmony between subject and style, attention to composition, use of rhyme in particular, and observance of pauses to create pleasure or demonstrate verbal eloquence.
KEYWORDS: Letter writing; literature; subject; formality; artistry.
Fatima ABDERRAHMANE
Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
f.abderrahmane@univ-chlef.dz
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9961-8117
Khadidja BENCHAHDA
Hassiba Benbouali University
of Chlef, Algeria
j.benchehda@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8895-5690
The Traditional Phonetic Term in Light of Modern Phonetic Studies: Between Recall and Omission
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.12
ABSTRACT: This article emphasizes the role of phonetics research in Arabic linguistic history, considering it the dominant component for the development of language in enabling the exchange of information between people. Early Arab scholars displayed an astonishing level of richness and depth in their thinking in phonetics, which must not be overlooked in phonetic studies today. This article is significant, as it attempts to understate the scientific value of traditional phonetic terms and their possible revival, and applications in current contexts, and also their contribution to the development and awakening of linguistic research. I used a descriptive-analytical method to outline how contemporary Arab phoneticians use traditional terms of phonetics, therefore illustrating a possible bridge between authenticity and modernity in phonetic studies. Recognizing all the foregoing it is evident that traditional phonetic terminology created a sturdy basis of structure in Arab phonetic thought that identifies rigor and has developed scientifically. However, contemporary phonetic studies, its experimental modes and jargon have marginalized, even neglected this heritage. This evidently suggests an imperative to close this divide and pursue an integrative commitment that explores the richness of the tradition whilst using modern knowledge as a guide. This methodology would enliven and enrich Arabic phonetic studies in a scientific perspective that achieved a balance between authenticity and innovation.
KEYWORDS: Arabic linguistic heritage; phonetic terminology; Western approaches; multiplicity of phonetic terms; revival; marginalization.
Nadjet HOCINE
Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
nadjet.hocine@univ-chlef.dz
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1922-2993
Competency-Based Teaching in French as a Foreign Language Classrooms. A Case Study in Algerian Third-Year Secondary Education
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.13
ABSTRACT: This study examines the teaching and learning of competencies in third-year secondary education. We focus on the experiences of our pre-service teachers during their fieldwork to assess the role of the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) in official documents and student textbooks, to identify instructional strategies employed for its implementation, and to determine whether students effectively develop the competencies outlined in ministerial guidelines. To achieve this, we worked closely with our pre-service teachers and analyzed the various methods adopted by educators within the CBA framework. We developed three evaluation grids to compare the competencies featured in the official curriculum with those actually taught in FLE classrooms. This methodology allowed us to observe how teachers adapt their instructional practices to reconcile program requirements with real-world classroom constraints.
KEYWORDS: Competencies; Student; Teaching; Official Curriculum, French as a Foreign Language (FLE).
Leila BOUCHEBCHEB
ENS Assia Djebar Constantine, Algeria
bouchebcheb.leila@ensc.dz
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9618-2352
Cum m-am
împăcat cu Seneca
sau despre dinamica continuă a luării în stăpânire. Recenzie de carte
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.14
TITLE: "How I reconciled with Seneca or The Ongoing Dynamics of Mastering Oneself"
ABSTRACT: In the present text I attempt a critical reading of Dana Jalobeanu's book The Spectacle of Philosophy. How do We Read the Letters of Seneca?. It seems to me that Dana Jalobeanu is proposing a key concept to advance a new (if something new is still possible after two millenniums of reading the letters of Seneca) interpretation. To my mind, the ongoing dynamics of mastering oneself qualifies or, better yet, fulfils the role.
KEYWORDS: Dana Jalobeanu, Seneca, the ongoing dynamics of mastering oneself, madness, wisdom.
Vasile Cătălin BOBB
Universitatea
Tehnică din Cluj-Napoca,
Centrul
Universitar Nord din Baia Mare
catalinbobb@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6378-8526
Publicistica eminesciană reinterpretată de Ion Dur. Recenzie de carte
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.15
TITLE: "Eminescu's Journalistic Work Reinterpreted by Ion Dur"
ABSTRACT: The volume M. Eminescu. private thinker and journalist with a "scientific method", published under the number 110 in the «Eminesciana» series by Junimea Publishing House in Iași in 2024, is structured by Professor Ion Dur into two parts: "Elements of Private Thought" and "Journalist with a 'Scientific Method." Asserting that "one arrives at Eminescu but does not remain there!", the author's call necessarily directs readers to the study of Eminescu's manuscripts. For Ion Dur, the coffer containing Eminescu's manuscripts is a "holy ark of Romanian identity." Essential remains the approach of the "context of composition" of Eminescu's texts and the "context of reception" for any hermeneutic attempt. The author's conclusions—that Mihai Eminescu is a "function of Romanian culture" and at the same time the first "publicist who writes in a newspaper as if he were writing literature"—thus lead to "a different Eminescu". "Being our first great political journalist, unsurpassed to this day by those who adopted his style of discourse," Eminescu blends elements of sociology and political philosophy into his journalistic writing.
KEYWORDS: journalism; truth; manuscripts; reading; context of composition; context of reception.
Flavia Kaba y Fernando Cid Lucas. Trampolín. Manual para aprender español a través de su literatura. Tirana: EDFA, 2024, 263 p. Recenzie de carte
https://doi.org/10.56177/eon.6.2.2025.art.16
Title: "Flavia Kaba y Fernando Cid Lucas. Trampolín. A Manual to Learn Spanish Though Its Literature. Tirana: EDFA, 2024, 263 p. Book review"
ABSTRACT: In the age of digitalization, the instantaneous transmission and reception of information, and the essentialization of the message, teaching literature in the Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE) classroom seems to pose ever more challenges for teachers. However, a teaching method like Trampolín: A Manual for Learning Spanish Through Literature, proposed by teachers Flavia Kaba and Fernando Cid Lucas, seems to make this task more enjoyable and even engaging. Through excerpts from classic or more recent literary works, the authors open the door to the study of Spanish literature and language, Hispanic culture and civilization, literary criticism, grammar, prosody, and paremiology through interactive and diverse teaching strategies. Through this proposed literary canon, the authors created a teaching ladder that allows students to advance from an A2 to a B1 proficiency level. Trampolín: A Manual for Learning Spanish Through Literature can serve as a support for a course in itself and as a complement to the Spanish curriculum at school and university.
KEYWORDS: Spanish classroom, Spanish literature, Spanish language, teaching of Spanish as a foreign language, Spanish paremiology, vocabulary exercises.